Enhanced versatility of a program control by a combination of technologies

ABSTRACT

A program control system for controlling access to premium programming and/or premium channels comprises a program control apparatus which may incorporate one or more subscriber modules. The subscriber modules may use one or more different types of program control technologies to provide different subscribers with different levels of access as well as different levels of security. One subscriber module may comprise a program control apparatus for interdicting premium programming signals transmitted &#34;in the clear&#34;. Other modules may comprise positive or negative traps or bandstop filters. The program control apparatus allows a cable television provider to apply new or different program control technologies on a subscriber by subscriber basis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/492,909, now abandoned filed Mar. 13, 1990 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 166,302, filed Mar. 10, 1988 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,760, entitled "Off-Premises Cable Television Channel Interdiction Method and Apparatus."

Reference is also made to the following commonly owned pending application; U.S. Ser. No. 446,602 entitled "Optimum Amplitude and Frequency of Jamming Carrier in Interdiction Program Denial System," filed Dec. 6, 1989, U.S. Ser. No. 476,041 entitled "Interdiction Method and Apparatus With Variable Dwell Time," filed Feb. 6, 1990, and U.S. Ser. No. 483,451 entitled "Interdiction Program Denial System for Jamming Audio and Video Signals," filed Feb. 21, 1990.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

This invention relates to cable television systems and, more particularly, a method and apparatus for applying remotely controlled and remotely applied interdiction or jamming signals in combination with the use of positive and negative traps as well as other program denial technologies to prevent reception of unauthorized television channels.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Scrambling Systems

At a headend of a cable television system, a scrambler is normally provided to encode premium television channels. The applied scrambling precludes reception by an unauthorized converter/decoder at a connected premises. Data representing channels or tiers of programming are addressably transmitted to a particular converter/decoder and stored in an authorization memory. As a result of the addressed transmission, a subsequently transmitted program is authorized in that the decoder portion of the converter/decoder will be selectively enabled to decode the scrambled premium channel or program.

Several varieties of scrambling techniques are applied today, and each manufacturer has its own scheme which may be incompatible with others. Nevertheless, the most popular scrambling systems today are based on sync suppression in which the sync information is hidden from the television receiver's sync separator, usually by moving it to a level occupied by picture information (i.e.--moving the sync tip to an equivalent picture level of 40 IRE units). Some systems modulate the video carrier with a sine wave phased to suppress the horizontal blanking interval. Most systems today switch to the suppressed level at the beginning of the blanking interval and switch out at the end. Most though not all suppress the vertical blanking interval. Some systems dynamically invert the video, either on a line-by-line or a field-by-field basis. Dynamic inversion must be done carefully to avoid artifacts caused by inverting and reinverting around different levels as well as the differential gain and phase of the system. Synchronization is restored by providing synchronous amplitude modulated pulses on the audio carrier, digital information placed in the vertical interval or phase modulation on the video carrier.

The disadvantages of such scrambling systems are many. Providing one scrambler per premium channel at the headend and a descrambler in each converter/decoder at the premises of the television receiver is particularly expensive. Furthermore, placing the converter/decoder on premises has been a great temptation to service pirates who imaginatively seek ways to illegally receive premium channels without proper authorization from the service provider. As a result, cable television equipment manufacturers have entered into a veritable war with such pirates resulting in complicated service authorization protocols, which in some instances involve multiple layers of encryption by in-band and/or out-of-band data transmission and which further increase the costs of the converter/decoder.

Another disadvantage of scrambling systems is that most scrambling systems leave artifacts in the horizontal blanking interval in the form of steps on the front and back porches. Normally these are not a problem, but if a television receiver does not have adequate overscan, then the steps can show up as light bars on one or both sides of the picture. Further, if a television receiver uses back porch sampling for automatic gain control and/or black level restoration, and the sampling period extends into the time of the descrambling step, the television will show the wrong black level and the picture may flicker. In systems in which pulse trains are applied to the audio carrier, a buzz carried by harmonics of a 59.94 Hz signal can be noticed in some television receivers.

Consequently, the cable industry has resorted to new technologies and has taken a second look at existing technologies developed in the early stages of cable television. In particular, negative and positive traps have been reexamined for use in modern cable systems as well as more recent techniques such as interdiction systems.

Negative Traps

Negative trap technology is viewed by many manufacturers as a viable alternative to sync suppression scrambling methods. A negative trap is basically a narrow band reject filter. Negative traps are located at or near a subscriber's premises and attenuate a significant portion of an unauthorized premium television channel, thus rendering that channel unusable to the subscriber.

In the conventional embodiment, negative traps are made using L-C filter techniques. The result is a notch filter with finite quality Q and finite shape factor. In the case of a single channel negative trap, the center of the notch is usually located at the video carrier frequency of the channel to be removed. This technique, sometimes called a static negative trap, requires attenuation at the video carrier of at least 60 dB to be effective.

Negative trap systems have several advantages that make them attractive for cable television applications. One primary advantage is the ability to deliver a broadband cable television spectrum to the subscriber's converter/decoder. Conventional sync suppression systems which utilize descrambling set-top converter/decoders deliver inherently narrowband signals. Negative traps may be mounted outside the subscriber'home (typically at the tap) to minimize the exposure associated with placing hardware inside the subscriber's premises, and thus discourage piracy. Some cable television providers view the negative trap as a more secure means of subscriber control than sync suppression, as picture reconstruction, when the video carrier has been attenuated 60 dB, is substantially more difficult.

The disadvantage of a negative trap system is that it requires hardware in locations where no revenue is generated for the cable television system. Moreover, negative traps have several severe technical limitations. L-C band reject filters have Q and shape factor limitations. Quality factors Q for L-C filters are typically limited to less than 30. This means that for a negative trap located at channel 8 (i.e.--video carrier at 181.25 MHz) the 3 dB bandwidth of a negative trap is typically 6 MHz (or the bandwidth of a baseband television channel). Such a trap would result in significant deterioration of the lower adjacent channel. When the television receiver is tuned to the lower adjacent channel it may have to contend with a audio carrier reduced an additional 6 dB rather than the typical 15 dB picture-to-sound ratio.

In addition, the frequency stability of the negative traps as a function of time and temperature is also a significant concern. As a result, many cable television system providers have instituted a regular negative trap change-out program based on the assumption that after a certain period of time and temperature cycling, frequency drift will render negative traps useless or cause interference on adjacent channels. Such a change-out program is both expensive and time consuming.

Cascadability is another significant concern if more that one premium channel is to be secured. Finite return loss and non-zero insertion loss limit the number of single channel negative traps which can be cascaded. As the number of services to be secured increases, the negative trap decreases in appeal. Moreover, a change in a channel line-up requires a significant investment in hardware and man-power as all of the negative traps would have to be physically replaced by the service provider.

Dynamic Negative Traps

Recently, a new type of negative trap, the dynamic negative trap, has been introduced. The dynamic negative trap is a notch filter designed to be modulated with respect to frequency. The notch is centered about the video carrier but is deviated slightly from side to side over a period of time, making the television signal unusable by introducing unwanted amplitude and phase modulation on the video carrier. Dynamic negative traps require a notch depth significantly less than that of static negative traps (40 dB, compared to 60 dB for a static trap). In addition, the intentionally introduced frequency modulation reduces the requirement for frequency stability.

The dynamic negative trap, however, has two major disadvantages. First, a power source must be provided in order to modulate the notch frequency, adding expense to both the design and installation. Second, and of greater significance, the dynamic negative trap may produce parasitic modulation on adjacent television channels, causing degradation of picture quality on those channels which may be unacceptable to a subscriber.

Positive Traps

Another type of trap, the positive trap, also uses a narrow band-rejection notch filter. However, unlike a negative trap which is used to attenuate or trap a premium channel transmission, the notch filter of a positive trap is used to restore the premium television channel. In this scenario, an interfering signal is placed inside the premium television channel at the cable television headened, effectively jamming the premium television channel. The interfering signal is then removed at or near the subscriber's dwelling by the notch filter of the positive trap. Ideally, the notch filter removes only the interfering signal without removing a significant amount of television information.

The positive trap technique has several advantages over the negative trap. Security is enhanced by having the interference present in the secured channels from the cable television distribution plant. In a negative trap system, the premium channels are transmitted "in the clear" from the distribution plant and may be pirated by physically removing the trap from the subscriber's drop. In the positive trap system, the interfering signal effectively jams the premium channels, and a would-be pirate must obtain a positive trap in order to obtain service. In addition, it is very attractive from a financial standpoint to require subscriber hardware only at those locations where a subscriber wishes to receive a secure service. Thus, any capital investment is associated with a point of revenue generation.

The conventional embodiment of the positive trap system utilizes L-C notch filters to remove the interfering signal. These L-C notch filters suffer from the same limitations as do L-C negative traps discussed above. Consequently, L-C based positive traps are limited to the lower end of the cable television spectrum. Quality Q and shape factors have also restricted the number of locations for the interfering signal within the television channel.

One such positive trap system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,311, issued Feb. 14, 1978 to Tanner et al. Tanner teaches locating the interfering signal of the positive trap system between the video carrier and audio carrier. The energy density (and hence information density) in this area of the spectrum is relatively low. One reason this location was chosen was that it minimized the impact of any television information removed along with the interfering signal by the notch filter, and thereby improved the quality of the recovered television signal. It would be expected that the jamming carrier would normally have minimal effect on the adjacent channel television picture unless a television has unusually poor rejection 2.25 MHz above the video carrier.

Despite this location, the quality Q and shape factor limitations of conventional L-C positive traps do remove a significant amount of useful television information. The result is a noticeable "softening" of the television picture as a result of attenuation of high frequency information. Predistortion at the headend can improve this performance but falls far short of being able to correct it completely. This location for the interfering signal also facilitates the job of the video pirate. This pirate can easily tolerate a degraded signal and hence can recover a usable picture using techniques easily available (such as the classic twin lead quarter wave stub with an aluminum foil slider for the fine tuning). In addition, since the frequency of the interfering signal is relatively stable, a pirate need only construct his own LC notch filter (or obtain an LC notch filter stolen from a subscriber's residence) to pirate the premium channel signal. As disclosed by Tanner, the LC notch filter is a completely passive device which does not provide for dynamic or head-end controlled signal jamming.

Interdiction Systems

A relatively recent technique for premium channel control is the interdiction system, so-called because of the introduction of an interfering signal at or near the subscriber's location. One embodiment consists of a pole-mounted enclosure located outside the subscriber's premises designed to serve four or more subscribers. This enclosure contains at least one microprocessor controlled oscillator and switch control electronics to secure several television channels. Control is accomplished by injecting an interfering or jamming signal into unauthorized channels from the pole-mounted enclosure.

For efficiency's sake, it is known to utilize one oscillator to jam several premium television channels. This technique not only reduces the amount of hardware required, but also maximizes the system flexibility. The oscillator output jamming signal frequency is periodically moved from channel to channel. Consequently, the oscillator is frequency agile and hops from jamming one premium channel frequency to the next.

One such system is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,481 in which a single frequency agile oscillator provides a hopping gain-controlled jamming signal output to four high frequency electronic switches. In this known system, each switch is associated with one subscriber drop. Under microprocessor control and depending on which subscribers are authorized to receive transmitted premium programming, the microprocessor selectively gates the jamming signal output of the single oscillator via the switches into the path of the incoming broadband television signal to each subscriber. Consequently, an unauthorized subscriber upon tuning to a premium channel will receive the premium channel on which a jamming signal at approximately the same frequency has been superimposed.

In the known system, as many as sixteen channels may be jammed by a single voltage controlled frequency agile oscillator. With respect to one premium channel, this translates to a situation in which the jamming signal can only be present one sixteenth of the time or an approximately 6% jamming interval (so-called "jamming factor"). The rate of hopping is also indicated at 100 bursts per second of jamming signal at a particular frequency or a 100 hertz hopping rate. Consequently, the effectiveness of the jamming signal is questionable.

For a subscriber who receives one or more premium channels, changes service levels frequently (i.e.--due to promotional pricing policies for premium channels which have lately become popular), or receives "pay-per-view" programming (i.e.--sporting events such as boxing) such an interdiction system is economically feasible as it allows for flexible, headend control of the subscriber's service level. However, for other subscribers, who receive only "basic" service or one premium channel, and rarely change service levels, such a complicated interdiction system is unnecessary. Further, if several premium channels are offered, and a subscriber receives none of them, the oscillator must jam more channels, allowing less time for jamming each individual channel (reduced "jamming factor").

Cable television channels and, of course, premium service may extend over a wide range of frequencies, for example, from 100 to 350 megahertz. In a known system, the single oscillator provided must be frequency agile over a wide range. Further, in order to prevent adjacent channel interference, the oscillator frequency must be controlled to be within a range of approximately 100-500 KHz band above or below the nominal jamming carrier frequency. Consequently, a synthesizer having an internal reference is provided to assure the reasonable accuracy of the frequency of the jamming signal carrier output by the oscillator.

The jamming signal is typically at a high relative power and is gain controlled to exceed the amplitude of the video carrier by 5 to 20 dB. Because of the high power output relative to the premium channel video carrier power and the difficulty of jamming the premium channel frequency precisely, such an interdiction system leaves considerable opportunity for improvement. Because the oscillator is frequency hopping, its spectrum tends to spread out around the video carrier and may cause adjacent channel interference.

Jamming oscillators usually operate near the video carrier frequency of the television signal and preferably at an amplitude near the amplitude of the television signal. Should the amplitude of a jamming oscillator be too low with respect to the amplitude of the video carrier, inadequate jamming of the channel may occur, resulting in a recoverable video by the subscriber. On the other hand, should the amplitude of a jamming oscillator be too high with respect to the amplitude of the video carrier, artifacts may be generated in unsecured adjacent television channels. Such is also the case when the frequency of a jamming oscillator varies from the video carrier frequency of a channel to be jammed.

It had been considered important in an interdiction system that the jamming signal frequency be placed as close as possible to the video carrier frequency. Otherwise, adjacent channel artifacts or incomplete jamming may result. In the known system, the jamming signal is intentionally placed below the video carrier and consequently approximate to an adjacent channel producing adjacent channel artifacts.

It is also important that a variable frequency oscillator in an interdiction system hop between frequencies quickly and accurately with little harmonic frequency effects. Otherwise, adjacent channel artifacts or incomplete jamming will result. Furthermore, by using only one jamming oscillator, only a limited, small number of channels may be jammed. The known system uses a conventional voltage controlled oscillator controlled by conventional frequency control techniques. Furthermore, in the known system, a maximum six percent jamming interval results when sixteen premium channels are jammed by the single oscillator at a relatively slow rate of frequency hopping. In such a system, the resulting depth of jamming for an unauthorized premium channel is unsatisfactory.

Additionally, it is important in an interdiction system that the jamming signal be properly matched in gain with the level of an interdicted channel. Furthermore, it is important that gain of a jamming oscillator match the level of an interdicted channel not only to compensate for drifts in the components due to temperature variations and seasonal weather changes but to compensate for level variations due to its location in a television distribution plant and to compensate for tilt due to imperfect gain requirements of a distribution cable over the frequency spectrum. Otherwise, adjacent channel artifacts or incomplete jamming will result. In the known system, conventional gain sensing and control circuits are used for gain control to compensate only for the simplest of variations.

In the prior art system, the jamming frequency is controlled to place the interference as close as possible to the video carrier to maximize jamming of the video signal. Jamming of the audio carrier is either not considered or is of secondary consideration. In TV sets using an intercarrier mixer or detector to regenerate the video carrier, a jamming carrier placed within a few hundred kiloHertz of the video carrier will effectively jam both the audio and video signals. However, some modern television sets use a synchronous detector with PLL circuitry to regenerate the video carrier. In these sets, the synchronous detector removes the jamming carrier from the audio signal, and only the video portion will be jammed.

For some premium channels, it may be particularly desirable to jam the audio as well as the video. Music video channels, for instance, are still of use to an unauthorized subscriber if only the video portion is jammed. With other premium channels, jamming of both the audio and video portions may also be desired. For example, when jamming so-called "adult" channels, it may be preferable to jam both the video and audio portions so that unauthorized subscribers cannot see or hear the program and so that those who find such programming distasteful are not offended by any such programming while scanning through the channels.

One solution to provide audio jamming would be to select the audio carrier frequency of the channel to be jammed as one of the jamming frequencies to be selected by the oscillator when frequency hopping. This approach has two drawbacks. First, the jamming signal would have to be attenuated approximately 15 dB when jamming an audio carrier frequency, otherwise the jamming signal would produce interference on adjacent channels. In order to attenuate the jamming signal for audio jamming, additional hardware would be necessary to control the amplitude of the jamming signal when switching from video to audio jamming. Even if the amplitude of the jamming signal could be effectively controlled, the process of hopping from one frequency to another effectively adds amplitude modulation to the jamming carrier, adding a structure of energy in sidebands surrounding the jamming carrier. At least a portion of the sideband energy may fall in the upper adjacent channel spectrum, causing interference even if the amplitude of the jamming signal has been reduced. Second, by jamming the audio carrier, the video carrier may not be effectively jammed. In order to jam both audio and video carrier, the oscillator would have to jam both carriers separately while frequency hopping. As a result, some audio or video signals can get through and the number of channels that may be jammed by a particular oscillator may be reduced by a factor of two which may be undesirable or unacceptable.

Another disadvantage of the known interdiction system is that the circuitry required is relatively complex and hence expensive. For those subscribers who take pay services, and particularly for those who take multiple pay services and/or pay-per-view, the use of expensive interdiction equipment makes sense. However, there are many subscribers who take only basic service or a limited number of pay services (i.e.--one service) and are not likely to change service levels often. An expensive addressable interdiction system is not necessary to serve such subscribers and thus creates an unnecessary expense for the pay television provider.

A further disadvantage of both the known scrambling and known interdiction systems is that the extra cost of the complicated circuitry (descrambling circuitry or interdiction circuitry) may not always be justified by a particular installation. For example, some subscriber locations, such as private residences, may present a higher risk of attempted piracy, and thus a relatively complex scrambling and/or interdiction system may be justified. Other subscribers, such as commercial institutions (i.e.--nursing home) may present a very low risk of attempted piracy, and thus only a simple, low cost trap may be used. If sophisticated scrambling and/or interdiction techniques are used by a pay television provider, the cost incurred in using such technology on "low risk" subscribers is unnecessary and could be avoided by used a low level (and lower cost) security device such as a trap.

Further, reliance on any one method of system security by the pay television subscriber presents a risk of system-wide compromise. If the security system is compromised, the pay television provider must upgrade the entire system to recover system security. If a plurality of security measures were available, the pay television provider could upgrade the system technology only in those "high risk" areas of the system, and continue to use low level or compromised technology for subscribers who present a low risk of attempted piracy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a program control system which may rely on more than one type of program control technology, depending on the service level requirements of the subscriber.

It is an object of the present invention to provide multiple program control technologies within one program control system.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a program control system which may provide different program control technologies to different subscribers.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a program control system which may provide different program control technologies to different subscribers on a controlled basis from the headend.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a program control system which provides different program control technologies to different subscribers on an interchangeable basis, so that a subscriber's program control technology may be changed.

Many of the above stated problems and related problems of the prior art have been solved with the principles behind the present invention, a multiple technology program control system capable of providing different program control technologies to different subscribers. The system comprises a program control apparatus which may be located off-premises or on-premises. An off-premises apparatus may serve several subscriber drops, preferably four, for a pole mounted apparatus, or in the hundreds for an apartment complex apparatus. In each program control apparatus is located a series of interchangeable modules which may be addressable from the headend. The modules may comprise any of the program control technologies described above in the prior art. For example, one module may consist of a negative trap for attenuating a premium channel from a particular subscriber's drop. Another module may be a sophisticated interdiction system, as described above, with a frequency hopping oscillator to jam several channels on a selective basis and may be controlled by the headend. A further module may be a bandstop filter, similar to the negative trap discussed above. If all the premium channels are located adjacent to each other, the pay television provider may then use such a bandstop filter to deny all or a portion of the premium channels to a subscriber. The bandstop filter is similar to the negative trap, but with a wider "notch" covering one or more adjacent premium channels.

Further, prior art scrambling techniques (such as sync suppression, dynamic inversion, etc.) or positive traps may be used as well in separate modules within the program control apparatus. The modules may be manually inserted by service personnel in order to alter a particular subscriber's program control technology. Alternately, the entire program control apparatus may be controlled by the headend to apply different program control technologies to different subscribers. Different subscribers using the same (or similar) levels or programming may thus be connected to the same module to receive the same level of service.

These advantages and features of the present method and apparatus for providing the enhanced versatility of a program control system by providing a combination of technologies will now be explained in the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an overall system block diagram showing the inherent compatibility of the present program control apparatus with existent cable television systems comprising premium channel scramblers, addressable data transmitters, and subscriber converter/decoders.

FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of an addressable common control circuit for the plurality of provided subscriber modules in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of one subscriber module.

FIG. 4 shows frequency plans for allocating the broadband cable television spectrum among four or five separate bands.

FIG. 5 is a detailed block schematic diagram of one embodiment of a feedback loop structure for implementing the frequency calibration mode of operation of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the voltage control word memory in connection with the sequential provision of oscillator jamming frequency signal outputs during a normal mode of operation.

FIG. 7 is a timing diagram for the embodiment of FIG. 3 during a normal mode of operation in which each interdiction control signal is particularly depicted.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the program control apparatus of the present invention showing different program control modules used for different subscribers.

FIG. 9 illustrates some alternate program denial technologies which might be included in the program control apparatus of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a general block diagram of a cable television system employing principles of the present invention. Here the term "cable television system" is defined as all systems involving the transmission of television signals over a transmission medium (i.e.--fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, etc.) toward remote locations. For example, a cable television system may comprise a community antenna television distribution system, a satellite signal distribution system, a broadcast television system, a private cable distribution network, either industrial or educational, or other forms of such systems. Each remote location of a television receiver may comprise the location of a particular subscriber to a subscription television service, plural subscribers, single subscribers having plural television receivers or private locations in a private cable distribution network. The term "subscriber" is defined here as either a private subscriber or a commercial user of the cable television system.

Headend 100 is defined here as the connecting point to a serving cable or trunk 110 for distributing television channels over feeder line 112 through drop 115 to subscriber locations. For reference purposes, an Electronic Industries Association (E.I.A.) standard cable television frequency allocation scheme is employed and referred to herein; however, by means of the following disclosure of the present invention, one may apply the principles to other known standards or non-standard frequency allocations. Furthermore, a National Television Subcommittee (N.T.S.C.) standard composite television signal at baseband is generally considered in the following description; however, the principles of the present invention apply equally to other standard and non-standard baseband television signal formats.

Headend 100 comprises television program source 101 which may be a satellite television receiver output, a program produced by a television studio, program material received over a microwave or broadcast television link, a cable television link output, or any other source of television programming consistent with the present invention. The program source material need not be limited to conventional television but may comprise teletext, videotext, program audio, utility data, or other forms of communication to be delivered to a remote location over the serving cable or trunk line 110 and subsequently over feeder line 112 and drop line 115.

Also at the headend, there is normally an addressable data transmitter 103 for transmitting global commands and data to some or all subscribers or addressed communications for reception by a particular subscriber. Such data transmission may be conducted over a separate data carrier from the cable television spectrum, for example, at 108.2 megahertz. or may be transmitted over an unused default channel from the television spectrum. Global commands generally take the form of operation code and data while addressed communications further comprise the unique address of a particular subscriber.

In another alternative embodiment, such communications may take the form of in band signals sent with a television channel superimposed upon an audio carrier during, for example, the vertical interval of the video signal. In band signaling is sometimes required for the operation of certain converter/decoders 150 known in the art.

Conventionally, trunk line 110, feeder line 112, and drop line 115 are constructed of coaxial cable. For higher performance, any one of these lines could be a fiber optic cable. Preferably, due to the cost of the installation and the need for a high quality initial transmission from headend 100, trunk line 110 is typically the only line constructed of fiber optic cable.

Program material or any portion of the program material provided by source 101 may be premium or otherwise restricted or secured from receipt at unauthorized receiver locations. The terms "premium channel" or "premium programming" are defined here as a channel or program, respectively, which may be secured from unauthorized receipt.

Each channel or program may be secured by one or more techniques. Usually, most premium programming in known cable television systems is scrambled. However, in accordance with the present invention, premium programming may also be transmitted in the clear on an alternate set of channels, and interdiction may be applied at program control apparatus 130 to prevent reception of unauthorized premium programming. Alternately, or in addition, premium programming may be scrambled before transmission and descrambled in a descrambling module located in program control apparatus 130.

For those subscribers using scrambling technology, shown here as premises 181, scrambler 102 may be provided at headend 100 to transmit a scrambled signal to converter/decoders 150 which subsequently unscramble scrambled program transmission. Subscribers using scrambling technology to receive their premium programming would be connected through a positive trap module, negative trap module, or band pass module, which would suppress the premium channels sent "in the clear".

Other subscribers may receive few or no premium channels. For such subscribers, shown here as premises 182, a simple trap or bandstop filter located in program control apparatus 130 would be all that is necessary to provide program control. Such a subscriber could use his existing set-top converter 161, or use a "cable ready" television to receive authorized channels.

Some subscribers may wish to receive a variety of programming or change service levels frequently. Such "vidophiles" generally spend more than the average consumer of video equipment and programming. Expensive interdiction systems, possibly with pay-per-view access are very cost-effective for such subscribers who would be willing to pay extra for such services. Such a subscriber, shown here as premises 183, may have a set-top converter 162 which may contain an Impulse pay-per-view module. Impulse pay-per-view is defined here as technology which allows a subscriber to nearly instantaneously select a pay-per-view program by pressing a key or series of keys on his set-top converter or remote control (or other apparatus). The impulse pay-per-view module communicates with the headend 100 via a return path transmission over cable 110, or via an external data path, such as a telephone line.

A subscriber who receives all available premium channels, such as shown in premises 184, may be directly patched into cable 110 and receive all cable channels sent "in the clear". A very simple connector module may be provided in program control apparatus 130 which merely patches cable 110 "straight through" to cable drop 115 to premises 184.

Any of the above modules which provide for differing levels of service and different program control technologies, may be addressable as well. For example, each module may have an addressable service disconnect, so that upon a signal from headend 100, service to a particular subscriber may be terminated. Further, the entire program control apparatus 130 may be addressable by headend 100 to switch different subscribers to different program control technologies. In such a scenario, if a subscriber upgrades to a different type of program control technology, or is a subscriber moves into a home and wishes a different service level than the previous resident, the cable television provider can switch the program control technology to that subscriber without having to physically rearrange, insert, or remove subscriber modules within the program control apparatus 130.

The apparatus of the present invention has advantages that go beyond providing different levels of service, security, or access. With the advent of many new cable television program control technologies, such as pay-per-view programming discussed above, many cable systems have elected to upgrade their entire systems (i.e. cable plant) by switching to one of these new program control technologies. However, changing all of the subscriber set-top converters or off-premises devices cannot be feasibly accomplished overnight. Consequently, there is often a "changeover" period of months, or even years in which the cable television provider may be using more than one program control technology to provide access to subscribers.

In the past, it was desirable to accomplish this "changeover" period as quickly as possible, which often involved paying overtime wages to cable company employees or hiring extra employees to change out the necessary equipment. Changing out the necessary equipment often involved changing out equipment on an area by area basis, depending on which areas were served by which trunk line of cable 110. Further, the cable television provider would subsequently find himself with an extensive inventory of "obsolete" set-top converters or off-premises devices and associated parts, which he would then have to sell at a great discount. Since existing set-top converters now top the $100 mark, even a small system can find itself with millions of dollars invested in existing program control equipment.

The program control apparatus of the present invention allows a cable television provider to use more than one type of program control technology simultaneously to provide different subscribers, even in adjacent homes, different levels of access. Further, the apparatus of the present invention provides these different levels of access to the subscriber in an "invisible" manner, that is, it is not readily apparent to the subscriber that more than one program control technology is being used throughout the system. As such, it is only necessary for the cable television provider to change out equipment when it is returned (i.e. when a subscriber moves) or is serviced.

Power for program control apparatus 130 may be provided over the cable from the headend 100 or be provided via the subscriber drop 115 or by a combination of such means. Power may be even provided by rechargeable means such as solar cells or other external or replaceable internal sources such as batteries. Consequently, subscriber equipment 161 may also comprise a source of power for program control apparatus 130.

Program control apparatus 130 may be secured in a tamper-resistant housing or otherwise secured such as in a locked equipment closet of an apartment complex. If located in a place exposed to the elements, the housing should be water-tight. Also, the housing should be designed to preclude radio frequency leakage.

Program control apparatus 130 may comprise addressable common control circuitry and in one embodiment, up to four plug-in subscriber modules. Upon receipt of subscriber specific premium program or channel authorization data, the data may be stored at program control apparatus 130. Program control apparatus 130 further may comprise automatic gain control circuitry for the common control circuitry. Alternative gain control arrangements will be described subsequently herein with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. Channel interdiction circuitry associated with a subscriber module may jam unauthorized premium programming dropped via a particular drop 115 to a particular subscriber. Consequently, program control apparatus 130 is reasonably compatible with addressable authorization data transmission known in the art. No scrambling of premium channels (and no resulting artifacts) is necessary.

The common control circuitry of program control apparatus 130 will now be described by means of the block diagram FIG. 2 for serving four subscriber modules. Referring FIG. 2, a feeder cable 110 is shown entering program control apparatus 130 at FEEDER IN and leaving at FEEDER OUT. Power PWR may be provided via the feeder cable by means of a subscriber drop or locally by internal or external means. Depending on the source of power PWR, input power may be of alternating or direct current.

A directional coupler 210 which may be in the form of a plug-in module, taps into the broadband serving cable 110. A broadband of radio frequency signals is thus output to highpass filter 220. Highpass filter 220 passes a band of frequencies comprising at least the data carrier frequency or frequencies (in a bi-directional application) and the cable television channel spectrum.

A common automatic gain control circuit as shown in FIG. 2 comprises variable attenuator 230, RF amplifier 233, directional coupler 232, and AGC control circuit 231. This automatic gain control circuit appropriately regulates the broadband RF signal power to fall within established limits.

Also connected to directional coupler 232 is a data receiver 240 for receiving data from the addressable data transmitter 103 located at headend 100. Data receiver 240 receives data transmitted, for example, over a data carrier of 108.2 megahertz and provides unprocessed data to data decoder 250. In accordance with an established protocol, such data may be in the form of an operation code, a subscriber unique address and associated data. Data decoder 250 processes the data and provides the separately transmitted data to microprocessor 260 for further interpretation in accordance with a built-in algorithm. Microprocessor 260 is most efficiently chosen to alleviate as many responsibilities from any microprocessor provided for an individual subscriber module and so is most conveniently an eight bit microprocessor having eight kilobytes of internal code such as a Motorola 68HC05C8.

Received data may be stored in uninterruptable memory 270 by microprocessor 260. Data may be temporarily stored in memory 270 or more permanently stored and subsequently downloaded if needed to a subscriber module via a serial peripheral interface bus connecting microprocessor 260 with separate microprocessors which may associated with each provided subscriber module.

Microprocessor 260 consequently interprets both global communications addressed to common control circuitry or communications addressed to unique subscriber modules. If appropriate, microprocessor 260 ignores global or addressed communications to other program control apparatus 130 or to converter/decoders 150 (FIG. 1). Examples of global communications peculiar to program control apparatus 130 are premium channel frequency data and jamming factor data for each premium channel or channel over which premium programming at a particular point in time is provided via headend 100. Examples of addressed communications include communications comprising premium channel or programming authorization information or communications instructing the common control circuitry to deny or provide service to a particular subscriber. Further, address communications may include instructions to program control apparatus 130 to switch a particular subscriber to a particular module via a switching circuit (not shown).

If two way services over the serving cable are anticipated, a data transmitter (not shown) should be provided in the common control circuitry of FIG. 2 or a separate telephone link from the subscriber location to the headend may be provided. Serial peripheral interface bus 290 may be a two way communications link by way of which line microprocessors associated with subscriber modules may, at least, provide status reports to microprocessor 260 upon inquiry.

Radio frequency splitter 280 provides broadband radio frequency signals comprising at least the cable television service spectrum separately to each subscriber module that is provided.

If a reverse path is desired for special additional services, a signal combiner (not shown) of a plug-in special service module may be provided for receiving communications from each of the four subscriber modules in an opposite manner to splitter 280. Certain data may be transmitted back toward the headend via the special service plug-in module (also, not shown) associated with the additional special service.

Referring more particularly to FIG. 3, there is shown an overall block schematic diagram of one of the interdiction type subscriber modules of the present invention. A microprocessor 300 is associated with a particular subscriber module and communicates with microprocessor 260 of FIG. 2 over a serial peripheral interface bus. Microprocessor 300 may comprise an eight bit microprocessor equipped with only two kilobytes of code, this microprocessor being relieved or overall control responsibilities by microprocessor 300. Consequently, microprocessor 300 may conveniently comprise a Motorola 68HC05C3 microprocessor or similar unit.

A reverse path may be provided via a lowpass filter 392 to a special service module (not shown in FIG. 2) of common control circuitry as described in FIG. 2 from a corresponding special service module on the subscriber premises. Such a reverse path is completed to the subscriber via terminal OS. Also, power may be transmitted up the subscriber drop to the module of FIG. 3 and withdrawn at terminal OS.

The broadband radio frequency television spectrum signal from FIG. 2 is provided to terminal IS. Referring to the path connecting terminal IS to terminal OS, there are connected in series a service denying switch 389, an amplifier 387, a jamming signal combiner 385, and a high pass filter 391. Service denying switch 389 is under control of microprocessor 300. In the event of an addressed communication from headend 100 indicating, for example, that a subscriber is to be denied service for non-payment of a bill, service denying switch 389 may be opened. In addition, a high frequency amplifier 387 may be powered down under control of microprocessor 387 whenever service is to be denied. Otherwise, amplifier 387 may be set at discrete gain levels, under microprocessor control, to provide supplemental gain to the broadband television signal if a subscriber has a plurality of television receivers over and above a nominal amount.

Jamming signals are interdicted at directional combiner 385 under microprocessor control. Because of the directional characteristic of amplifier 387, jamming signals cannot inadvertently reach the common control circuitry of FIG. 2 or the serving cable 110. Jamming signals are preferably interdicted at a level approximately within a range of -2.5 db to +6.5 db or +2 dB nominal of the video carrier power level of the unauthorized premium channel frequency to be jammed. For jamming the video carrier only, they are most conveniently interdicted approximately within a range of frequencies extending from 100 KHz below the video carrier to +250 kilohertz above the video carrier toward the audio carrier of the channel to be jammed. In accordance with the present program control apparatus, the jamming frequency is selectable by the headend 100 and may be chosen to jam both the video and audio carriers by setting it substantially equal to the sum of the video carrier frequency and a fraction 1/N of the difference between the video and audio carrier frequencies, if so desired. Interdiction on a per channel basis at such a frequency adequately jams both the video and audio carriers, yet minimizes adjacent channel artifacts or interference.

Highpass filter 391 prevents any return path signals from reaching combiner 385 and passes the broadband spectrum including any jamming signals toward terminal OS. Reverse path signals, for example in this embodiment, if present, may be radio frequency signals below 100 megahertz. The broadband television spectrum is presumed to be in the 100-350 megahertz range consistent with FIG. 4. However, interdiction of premium channel viewing may be allocated anywhere desired within a broader or discontinuous cable television spectrum to be jammed. Consequently, filters 391 and 392 are designed in accordance with this or similarly selected design criteria to block or pass broadband television or reverse path signals as required.

Microprocessor 300 controls at one or more voltage controlled oscillators 341-344, each of which jams premium channel frequencies within an allocated continuous range of frequencies. Since premium programming may be transmitted anywhere in the cable television spectrum, the sum of all such allocated portions may comprise the entire television spectrum to be jammed (even where non-premium channels are normally transmitted). In accordance with the present invention, the television spectrum to be jammed may comprise discontinuous portions or intentionally overlapping portions.

Cable headend service providers tend to select premium channel allocations in the midband range covering channels 15-22. Consequently, the band of oscillator 342, for example, may be selected to overlap the band allocated to oscillator 341.

In order to achieve a jamming interval of 20%, each oscillator may be restricted to jamming only four premium channels. As will be described in connection with a discussion of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, jamming depth may be automatically increased for a particular subscriber dependent upon the subscriber's level of service. Also, by allocating an overlap of bands as between first and second oscillators 341 and 342, for example, all eight channels of the midband may be jammed by means of the present program control apparatus leaving two channels of the highband which still may be jammed via oscillator 342. Consequently, according to FIG. 4, oscillator OSC1 may jam four of the six allocated channel frequencies of the midband while oscillator OSC2 may jam an overlapping band comprising channels 19-22 of the midband and channels 7-10 of the highband.

Consistent with these design principles, no band overlap is shown for oscillator OSC3 or oscillator OSC4. Nevertheless, the respective frequency ranges of 198-254 megahertz and 258-326 megahertz of these oscillators eliminate any danger of adjacent channel interference. Oscillator OSC3 provides jamming signals for jamming four premium channels selected from channels 11-14 13 of the highband and channels 23-29 of the superband. Eight premium channels may be jammed at a reduced jamming factor of these ten channels. Oscillator OSC4 is provided for jamming from channel 30 in the superband to channel 41 extending into the hyperband.

Additionally, a fifth oscillator may be desired to cover an additional band of normally non-premium channels such as lowband channels 2 through 6 from 54 MHz to 88 MHz. The lower frequency oscillator would be more limited as to the number of channels it could jam (4 of 4 channels) than the high frequency oscillator (4 to 13 of 13 channels). Alternatively, fewer oscillators can be used wherein only a few of the five portions illustrated in FIG. 4(b) are selected. In any event, more than five oscillators is also clearly possible covering additional portions beyond those in FIG. 4(b) up to about 600 MHz or beyond.

Microprocessor 300 is connected by a bus system to memory and buffer circuits comprising RAM's 311 and 312 and buffer 310. Microprocessor 300 operates at a clock frequency of, for example, four megahertz provided by clock 336. Counter 335 is shown as a separate element; however, counter 335 is provided essentially for counting the output frequencies of one or more jamming oscillators 341-344 during a frequency calibration mode of operation and so may comprise an element of microprocessor 300.

Microprocessor 300 is also connected to digital to analog converter 320. During a normal mode of operation, digital to analog converter 320 converts a ten bit voltage control word to analog voltage outputs which are, in turn, provided to analog multiplexer 330. The analog voltage outputs of the analog multiplexer 330 are stored and held at sample and hold circuits 337-340 for application to one or more oscillators 341-344. Analog voltage signal outputs are periodically gated via a two bit parallel select bus by analog multiplexer 330 over leads FREQ 1-4 toward the oscillators 341-344. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, these signals may be provided in a pseudorandom sequence to thwart pirating attempts as will be described in reference to FIG. 6.

Microprocessor 300 is connected to an oscillator or oscillators 341-344 via respective oscillator power lines OPWR1-4 for actuating the oscillator or oscillators. The oscillator or oscillators may be powered down during a normal mode of operation if a subscriber is authorized to receive all channels within its allocated band at one point in time. Furthermore, during a calibration mode, an oscillator may be powered up for calibration while any other oscillators are powered down.

Microprocessor 300 is further connected to four high frequency PIN diode switches 361-364. During a normal mode of operation, these switches are selectively opened for a brief interval for, for example, sixteen microseconds while the associated oscillator changes or hops from one jamming signal frequency output to another. Nevertheless, assuming four channel jamming by a particular oscillator at a jam factor of four, a four thousand hertz frequency hopping rate is easily achievable via these PIN diode switches.

The jamming signal outputs of the oscillator or oscillators are combined at signal combiner 365. From signal combiner 365, the combined output is directionally coupled by coupler 370 to programmable prescaler 375 and to signal attenuator 380.

Programmable prescaler 375 is only powered via lead PREPWR when required during a calibration mode. In accordance with a programmable divide-by factor, a divided down output frequency is provided to microprocessor 300 for counting. When powered down, no output signal results.

During a normal mode of operation, the combined jamming signal output of attenuator 380 are combined at directional coupler 385 with the passed incoming broadband television signal from the common control circuit of FIG. 2. As the subscriber is presumed to have paid their bill, switch 389 and amplifier 387 are assumed to be powered. As a result of the combining of jamming signals with the broadband spectrum (thus far transmitted in the clear), the subscriber will only receive in the clear premium or restricted programming which the subscriber is authorized to receive.

Referring more particularly to FIG. 5, there is shown a block schematic diagram of one embodiment of a feedback loop useful in describing the frequency calibration mode of operation. The frequency calibration mode, occupying a fraction of a second, assures relatively stable operation during a normal mode of operation. Furthermore, because of the frequency calibration mode, there is no requirement for the application of slow conventional frequency locking techniques and a high operation frequency hopping rate of four thousand hertz may be achieved during the normal mode of operation. The embodiment shows the calibration of a particular oscillator OSC. The depicted loop indicates an application specific integrated circuit ASIC connected to subscriber module microprocessor 300. This circuit ASIC may be clocked at twice the microprocessor rate and comprise the previously discussed voltage control word memory RAM as well as programmable prescaler 375. A word adjust and select bus 501 is shown which may separately access and adjust all voltage control words in voltage control word memory RAM. When addressed, the voltage control word memory is connected via bus 511 to digital-to-analog converter 320. Digital-to-analog converter 320 is connected via sample and hold circuit SH to oscillator OSC to which power is applied under microprocessor control via lead OPWR. Via directional coupler 370, the jamming signal output of oscillator OSC is fed back toward microprocessor 300. At fixed prescaler 376, the high frequency output is divided down by a fixed divide-by factor. The divided down jamming frequency output is then output to programmable prescaler 375. Programmable prescaler 375 is under control of microprocessor 300. Responsive to premium channel frequency data transmitted from the headend to microprocessor 260 of FIG. 2, microprocessor 260 in turn generates divide by factor and time between count data for transmittal to microprocessor 300 via the serial peripheral interface bus (FIGS. 2 and 3). Microprocessor 300 programs the divide by factor of programmable prescaler 375 via lead 502 and receives a countable frequency output of programmable prescaler 375 via lead 503. Microprocessor 300 then counts the output at included counter 335.

The provision of application specific integrated circuit ASIC assists in miniaturizing the subscriber module of FIG. 3 and relieves the outboard memory requirements of microprocessor 300. On the other hand, the provision of a limited voltage control word memory in circuit ASIC may restrict the opportunity of microprocessor 300 to reallocate addressable slots to other oscillators when one oscillator is powered down as will be described in greater detail in reference to FIG. 6. The provision of a second or fixed prescaler in comparison with the single programmable prescaler shown in FIG. 3 is desirable if the frequency range of the television spectrum to be jammed extends into the hyperband.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown one embodiment of a voltage control word memory having sixty-four memory locations (16 for each oscillator) with addresses 1-64. At every fourth memory location 1, 5, 9 and so on is located a voltage control word associated with a first oscillator. For the convenience of establishing a convention for discussion, f₁₀ . . . F_(1F) will be assumed to refer to sixteen frequency control words for a first oscillator OSC1 and are numbered in hexadecimal notation from 0-F. As indicated above in reference to circuit ASIC memory requirements, the sixteen memory slots may be permanently associated with oscillator OSC1; however, such a design choice limits the freedom of reallocating voltage control words to other oscillators.

Voltage control words are entered into voltage control word memory for each oscillator in sequence provided the oscillator will be applied for jamming. First, it will be assumed that four oscillators will be applied, each for jamming four premium channels. As will be seen, this is a simplified assumption which assumes a subscriber is authorized to receive no premium channels and, furthermore, it will be assumed that all premium channels may be jammed at the same jam factor four.

In this example, sixteen voltage control words will be entered in memory for each oscillator, four of which control words may be the same, each four similar control words being related to one premium channel frequency to be jammed. Thus, four groups of four similar control words are entered into sixteen memory locations 1, 5, 9, 13 . . . 61 for oscillator OSC1. These are indicated as f₁₀ to f_(1F). In a similar manner, sixteen voltage control words are entered into memory locations 2, 6, 10, 14 . . . 62 for oscillator OSC2. These are indicated as f₂₀ . . . f_(2F). Then, sixteen voltage control words are entered into memory locations 3, 7, 11, 15 . . . 63 for oscillator OSC3, indicated as f₃₀ . . . f_(3F). Lastly, sixteen voltage control words are entered into memory locations 4, 8, 12, 16 . . . 64 for oscillator OSC4, indicated as f₄₀ . . . f_(4F).

The calibration algorithm for loading a first ten bit voltage control word f₁₀ into a first memory location 1 for a first oscillator OSC1 will now be described in some detail. From the down-loaded frequency data from microprocessor 260, a first programmable divide-by factor is transmitted via lead 502 to set programmable prescaler 375. All other oscillators OSC2-4 are powered down via leads OPWR2-4, and oscillator OSC1 is powered up via lead OPWR1 (shown in FIG. 5 as oscillator OSC and lead OPWR respectively).

From the premium channel frequency data, a first ten bit voltage control word f₁₀ is stored in memory location 1 representing a first best estimate of jamming frequency by microprocessor 300 via bus 501. The word is transmitted to digital-to-analog converter 320 where it is converted to an analog voltage. The analog multiplexer (not shown in FIG. 5) selects a lead FREQ1 from the multiplexer to oscillator OSC1. Consequently, the analog voltage output of the digital to analog converter is provided to sample and hold circuit SH or 337 for application to oscillator OSC1. Signal combiner 365 (not shown in FIG. 5 for simplicity) only passes the jamming signal output from oscillator OSC1 to directional coupler 370 because all other oscillators OSC2-4 are powered down at this time. Via directional coupler 370, the jamming signal output is provided to fixed prescaler 376. Fixed prescaler 376 divides down the output frequency of the oscillator OSC1 to a first frequency. According to the divide by factor loaded into programmable prescaler 375, the first frequency output of fixed prescaler 376 is further divided down to a frequency which may be counted by counter 335 of microprocessor 300. Recognizing that the oscillator output frequency may be hundreds of megahertz and the clock for microprocessor 300 runs at only four megahertz, the frequency provided via lead 503 should be sufficiently divided down to the counted with reasonable accuracy. Since the fixed time between counts is known to microprocessor 300 having been downloaded from microprocessor 260, counter 335 counts the frequency input on lead 503. The resulting count is compared with the expected count and the microprocessor adjusts the control word accordingly. As a result, microprocessor 300 repeatedly enters the algorithm until the voltage control word stored in memory as accurately as possible reflects the premium channel frequency to be jammed. Then, this process is repeated four times for four premium channel frequencies to be jammed by the oscillator OSC.

During the process of loading the four premium channel frequencies for a particular oscillator into the voltage control word memory, there are three subordinate schemes by which the four voltage control words for a single premium channel may be intentionally varied. In a first subordinate scheme, via headend 100, four different frequencies may be intentionally selected with references to one premium channel. Given a resolution of 50 kilohertz provided by the least significant bit positions of a ten bit voltage control word, the four different frequencies may be selected by headend 100 anywhere within the 250 kilohertz range above the premium channel video carrier for most effective premium channel jamming. In a second subordinate scheme microprocessor 300 may be programmed to intentionally vary the entered voltage control word to be at or about the expected downloaded frequency, for example, at fifty kilohertz about or below the expected frequency. Consequently, if the headend selects only one frequency for a first premium channel, for example, at 200 kilohertz above the video carrier, then voltage control words will be entered into memory equivalent to video carrier plus 150 kilohertz, 200 kilohertz and 250 kilohertz. In a third scheme, the jamming factor may be altered by jamming the same premium channel at different frequencies. If enhanced jamming of a particular channel is desired, the jamming factor may be selected at a high level, for instance, four, using a single oscillator. Of the four jamming intervals, one time slot may have a jamming signal near the video carrier frequency, another time slot having a frequency halfway (N=2) between the video and audio carriers, a third time slot having a frequency a third (N=3) of the way between the video and audio carriers, etc. This so-called "enhanced" signal jamming forces a potential pirate to be able to remove energy from a plurality of frequencies within the channel. In addition, the harmonics produced by jamming at a frequency 1/N (where N is an integer) between the video and audio carriers fall on the audio carrier frequency, insuring jamming of both video and audio signals even in modern televisions with synchronous detectors. All three subordinate schemes thwart pirates attempting to notch out the jamming signal frequency which is intentionally varied by these schemes.

Jamming factor is a term related to the loading of the sixteen voltage control words into voltage control word memory for a particular oscillator. A jamming factor is selected for each premium channel and is globally transmitted from the headend. If four premium channels are to be jammed by each of four oscillators OSC1-4 and all are to be jammed at the same jamming interval, each has a jamming factor of four. If a subscriber subscribes to all four premium channels associated with oscillator OSC1, then oscillator OSC1 may be powered down and no voltage control words entered in memory during calibration for this oscillator. If a subscriber subscribes to two of the four channels, the microprocessor may allocate the sixteen control words for the first oscillator to the two unauthorized premium channel frequencies to be jammed. Consequently, the microprocessor may allocate eight control words each to jamming the two unauthorized premium channels thus automatically increasing the jamming interval or depth of jamming based on the jamming factor and the given reduced level of premium program authorization. Jamming factor may be intentionally selected, for example, at a high level, for example, eight for one especially sensitive program in relation to two other channels to be jammed by the same oscillator which may be allocated jam factors of four each, the total of all such jam factors being equal to the maximum number of voltage control words, in this example, sixteen associated with the oscillator.

Voltage control words may be read from memory or written into memory so they may be read out in a particular pseudorandom or random sequence so that a pirate would have to known the pseudorandom or random sequence in order to appropriately time any notch filtering. For example, let f11-f14 be the four premium channel frequencies to be jammed by oscillator OSC1. Addresses 1, 5, 9, and 13 may store voltage control words for f11, f12, f13 and f14, respectively. However, the next four addresses 17, 21, 25 and 29 may store the voltage control words in a different order, for example, f14, f13, f12, f11 respectively. The order may be further varied in the remaining eight addresses so, when the voltage control words are applied to oscillator OSC1 during a normal mode of operation, the output frequency of the jamming signal will vary according to the pseudorandom or random sequence of data entry.

The subscriber module processor 300 of FIG. 5 may have a random or pseudo-random number generator to vary the order of the jamming signals. Alternately, the headend 100 of FIG. 1 may provide a random or pseudo-random signal to individual or groups of subscriber module processors to alter the order of the jamming signals on either a periodic or dynamic basis. The effect of such a random or pseudo-random technique is to make piracy virtually impossible. In order to filter out the jamming signals, a pirate must provide for a series of notch filters for each of the premium channels not only at the video carrier, but also at the intervals 1/N between the video and audio carriers as well. The pirate would then also have to contend with the intentional or unintentional frequency drift of each of these oscillator frequencies, and be able to predict the random or pseudo-random order of the jamming frequencies.

The calibration mode is entered at initial turn-on to generate the sixty-four voltage control words for storage in voltage control word memory corresponding to the desired jamming signal frequencies. Periodically, the subscriber module reenters the calibration mode to update the control words for drift which may result from either the oscillator or the digital to analog converter operation. Such drift if maintained within, for example, 50 kilohertz of the selected frequency is actually desirable in that it further complicates the efforts of a would-be pirate. Also, as already indicated the periodically performed calibration mode permits a higher rate of frequency hopping, for example, four kilohertz during normal operation than would be possible with conventional frequency control methods such as phase locked loops. Calibration requires but a fraction of a second and, consequently, no intelligible television information may be obtained at a television receiver tuned to a unauthorized premium channel.

Referring now more particularly to FIGS. 6 and 7 with reference to the schematic block diagram of FIG. 3, the normal mode of operation will now be explained. Referring first to FIG. 3, microprocessor 300 upon entering a normal mode of operation causes a first voltage control word stored in memory address 1 of the voltage control word memory of FIG. 6 to be transmitted toward oscillator OSC1. Digital to analog converter 320 converts the ten bit word 0010110101 to an analog voltage level. Under control of a two bit select bus, analog multiplexer 330 selects lead FREQ1 for transmitting the analog voltage signal for storage and holding at sample and hold circuit 337. All four oscillators are presumed to be powered for this example under control of microprocessor 300 via leads OPWR1-4. Consequently, powered-up oscillator OSC1 provides a jamming signal frequency output FREQ2 consistent with the analog voltage signal input provided via analog multiplexer 330.

Referring to FIG. 7, the normal mode of operation for the example under discussion is shown in the form of a timing diagram. At the output of the digital to analog converter is shown at time t0 an analog voltage level representing frequency FREQ1 for oscillator OSC1. Also, during time interval t0-t1, the analog multiplexer 330 is shown connecting the digital to analog converter 320 to oscillator OSC1. While the analog multiplexer is only connected to oscillator OSC1 for the duration t0-t1, the applied analog voltage is stored and held for the duration t0-t4. Consequently, the output of oscillator OSC1 is shown continuously applied from time t0-t4.

Under control of microprocessor 300 via lead OSSW1, switch 361 is briefly opened while frequency FREQ1 is established at the output of oscillator OSC1 and then immediately closed. Switch 361 stays closed for the duration until the output of oscillator OSC1 hops from frequency FREQ1 to FREQ2. Just prior to time t4, switch 361 is again opened in accordance with signal OSSW1. Consequently at the output of switch 361, the jamming signal output of oscillator 341 is briefly interrupted.

At time t4, the digital to analog converter 320 is signaled to change the output frequency of oscillator OSC1 to frequency FREQ2. As before, the analog multiplexer 330 gates an analog voltage level, this time representing frequency FREQ2 to be held at sample and hold circuit 337. As a result, oscillator OSC2 now provides a jamming signal frequency output consistent with frequency FREQ2 until time t8.

Meanwhile, switch 361 which was opened shortly before time t4 in accordance with switch control signal OSSW1 is again closed at a point in time shortly after time t4. At any point in time during a normal mode of operation when one of the high frequency switches 361-364 is opened, there will result a loss of a portion of the overall jamming interval during which a jamming signal would be applied. Nevertheless, the resulting danger of the presence of no switches 361-364 is that during a hopping from one frequency to the next, an undesirable transition signal may result at a frequency and level which may distort authorized premium programming. If four premium program channel frequencies are to be jammed by a particular oscillator, each such period of an open state of a normally closed high frequency switch 361-364 amounts to no more than 5% of the overall interval t0-t64 (not shown).

In a similar manner, a first frequency FREQ1 is established for oscillator OSC2. Referring again to FIG. 6, it will be seen that at memory address 2 is voltage control word 1010010110 which is provided toward oscillator OSC2. In accordance with FIG. 7, at time t1 an analog voltage level is output from digital to analog converter 320 representing this word. At a time just prior to time t1, switch 362 is opened in accordance with signal OSSW2. Once frequency FREQ1 is established at the output of oscillator OSC2 or at a time just after time t1, switch 362 is again closed in accordance with signal OSSW2 provided by microprocessor 300.

As the normal mode of operation continues, all sixty-four memory locations shown in FIG. 6 are periodically addressed and provided for operating oscillators OSC1-4. In accordance with FIG. 7, only the first seven words are represented as having been provided for selecting the first three frequencies for oscillator OSC1 and two frequencies each for oscillators OSC2-4; however, the process for controlling all sixteen frequencies for each oscillator may follow in the sequence shown or intentionally vary.

In an alternative embodiment, a single broad-band oscillator may be used in place of the four narrow-band oscillators shown in FIG. 3 to cover the entire cable television frequency spectrum. Alternately, a single oscillator covering only a portion of the spectrum may be used. In the latter embodiment, the premium channels capable of being jammed would have to be assigned within the frequency spectrum of the oscillator. Similarly, two or more oscillators could also be used to cover either part or all of the cable television spectrum.

In order to thwart pirates and referring to FIG. 7 for oscillator OSC1, it may be seen how frequencies may be output in a random or pseudorandom sequence. Output frequencies FREQ1, FREQ2, FREQ3, FREQ4 are shown output in intervals t0-t4, t4-t8, t8-t12, and inferentially, t12-t16 respectively. In the next intervals, the frequencies may be provided, instead, in the sequence FREQ4, FREQ3, FREQ2, and FREQ1. Then, in the next successive intervals the frequencies may be provided in yet a third different sequence, for example, FREQ2, FREQ3, FREQ4, FREQ1. During the last four successive intervals extending from t48 to t64, the order of applied frequencies may be altered again, for example, FREQ3, FREQ4, FREQ1, FREQ2. The random or pseudorandom sequence may be defined and downloaded from the headend or developed internally by either microprocessor 260 of FIG. 2 or microprocessor 300 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 shows the program control apparatus of the present invention with a series of different subscriber modules inserted therein. In the embodiment disclosed above, there are typically four subscriber modules in a program control apparatus 130, however, it is envisioned that a greater or fewer number of modules may be accommodated or used in a particular program control apparatus.

With respect to FIG. 8, the broadband cable television signal enters program control appratus 130 through cable 110 and passes through amplifier 833 with automatic gain control 831 which together comprise an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier. The AGC amplifier is provided to maintain proper signal level while at the same time complying with FCC leakage requirements. Radio frequency splitter 880 provides broadband radio frequency signals comprising at least the cable television service spectrum separately to each subscriber module that is provided.

One or more of the subscriber modules 890-893 may be present to provide one or more subscribers with the appropriate level of service and appropriate type of program control technology.

Subscriber module 890 may be a trap module comprising a negative or positive trap, as described above in connection with the prior art. If subscriber module 890 is a positive trap module, it may comprise a simple static type positive trap or a more sophisticated dynamic positive trap. The output signal OS1 from a negative trap module 890 may contain the "basic" cable television channels (i.e.--nonpremium) along with any authorized premium channels, with any interfering signal removed. The module may be designed to be compatible with different manufacturer's standards to trapping techniques.

If trap module 890 is a negative trap, then it may consist of a simple static negative trap, which would severely attenuate the premium channel to be secured. The output signal OS1 from a negative trap module 890 may consist of the "basic" cable television channels along with any authorized premium channels which have not been attenuated by negative trap module 890.

In either case, trap module 890 may be used to serve more than one subscriber, so long as all subscribers served by that module are to receive the same level of service.

Bandstop module 891 is a variation of the negative type trap module 890. Instead of trapping one premium channel, bandstop module 891 attenuates an entire range of premium channels. The output signal OS2 from bandstop module 891 may consist of the "basic" cable television channels along with any authorized premium channels which have not been attenuated by bandstop module 890. Bandstop module 891 has particular application where one or more subscribers may wish to receive only "basic" cable television service (i.e.--no premium channels or pay-per-view programming). Preferably, when using a bandstop module 890, the cable television provider would order his channel lineup such that all the premium channels are at adjacent frequencies and may be attenuated by bandstop module 890 without creating any adjacent channel artifacts on other channels.

Modules 892-893 may be similar to the interdiction module as described in connection with FIG. 3 above. The outputs OS3-OSn of these modules may consist of the "basic" cable television channels along with any authorized premium channels not interdicted by interdiction module 892-893, as well as any pay-per-view programming not interdicted by interdiction module 892-893.

In addition to the modules shown in FIG. 8, other types of modules may be used. A simple service disconnect switch module may be inserted into the program control apparatus which would allow for headend control of service (i.e.--on/off) to a particular subscriber or groups of subscribers. Other modules (not shown) may incorporate other types of program control technologies as they become available.

As shown in FIG. 8, the more sophisticated (and more expensive) interdiction modules are used for subscribers who receive higher service levels. "Basic" subscribers, and those subscribers who receive only one or two premium channels, are served by less expensive and less sophisticated trap or bandstop modules. One advantage of such a system is that it places the expensive hardware only where revenues are generated.

As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, which signals are transmitted may depend on which combinations of program control are to be used. FIG. 9 illustrates some alternate program denial technologies which might be included in the program control apparatus of the present invention. At the top of the FIG. 9 is shown a reference television spectrum with four channels shown. The next line illustrates interdiction, the primary technology applied in the program control apparatus, which in this instance is denying access to programs on channels 14 and 16 while allowing access to programs on channels 15 and 17. Below this is illustrated two negative traps denying access to programs on channels 14 and 16. Finally is shown a band stop filter which denies access to programs in channels 14 through 16 and in addition has some attenuation on channel 17 by creating adjacent channel interference and rending that channels' picture degraded.

In this instance, the cable television provider has elected to carry a limited number of pay channels located on contiguous frequencies. For example, he may elect to carry four pay channels, sold either on a subscription basis or on an individual program basis (pay-per-view). By way of example, these programs may be supplied on channels 14, 15, 16 and 17 (EIA definition) corresponding to video carriers on 121.25, 127.25, 133.25 and 139.25 MHz. The cable television provider then has the choice of how he denies these programs to subscribers who take only basic service (all other channels). He may choose to use a relatively expensive interdiction module which will allow him to addressably control the services received by a subscriber. He may elect to use a module containing traps for any combination of the four channels that the subscriber does not take. If the subscriber elects to take none of the premium channels (i.e.--"basic" service), the cable television provider may elect to use a band stop filter which would eliminate the first three channels and seriously degrade the fourth.

Additionally, the above disclosed program control method and apparatus is not limited to jamming premium channel transmissions over coaxial cable. Interdiction of transmission over alternative mediums to coaxial cable such as fiber optic cable or over-the-air radio frequency transmission can easily be accomplished. This is especially possible for those fiber optic cable television arrangements operating over approximately the same RF television bands as conventional coaxial cable CATV distribution systems. 

What is claimed is:
 1. In a cable television system comprising a headend for transmitting programs over a cable television service spectrum to a plurality of subscribers and an off premises program control apparatus for selectively denying certain programs to the plurality of subscribers, said program control apparatus comprising:a plurality of subscriber modules, each associated with one of the plurality of subscribers and selectively denying certain programs to the associated subscriber; and at least two of said modules using a different program denial technology, wherein each program denial technology is chosen based on the selection of service level for the associated subscriber.
 2. The program control apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:control means, coupled to said subscriber modules, for receiving control signals from the headend and for controlling said subscriber modules to control access to at least a portion of the cable television service spectrum in accordance with said control signals.
 3. The program control apparatus of claim 1 wherein:said plurality of subscriber modules are assigned to said subscribers on the basis of the program authorization level of the respective subscriber.
 4. A program control apparatus for selectively denying certain programs transmitted over a cable television service spectrum of a cable television system from a headend to a plurality of subscribers, said program control comprising:a first subscriber module for selectively denying programs to at least one subscriber using an interdiction program denial technology; a second subscriber module for selectively denying programs to another subscriber using a second program denial technology, wherein said second program denial technology is based on the selection of service level for said another subscriber; control means, coupled to said first and second subscriber modules, for receiving control signals from the headend and for controlling said first and second subscriber modules to control access to at least a portion of the cable television service spectrum in accordance with said control signals.
 5. The program control apparatus of claim 4, wherein said program denial technology of said second subscriber module is chosen from the following types:a negative trap for attenuating at least one channel of said cable television service spectrum; a positive trap for removing an interfering signal transmitted over at least on channel of said cable television service spectrum; a band pass filter means for passing a plurality of channels of said cable television service spectrum; a band stop filter means for attenuating a plurality of channels of said cable television service spectrum; or a service disconnect switching means for disconnecting the entire cable television spectrum from a subscriber. 